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The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction, by Pat Shipman
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About the Author
Pat Shipman is retired Adjunct Professor of Anthropology at Pennsylvania State University.
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Product details
Paperback: 288 pages
Publisher: Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press; Reprint edition (May 15, 2017)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0674975413
ISBN-13: 978-0674975415
Product Dimensions:
5.4 x 0.7 x 8.2 inches
Shipping Weight: 12 ounces (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.0 out of 5 stars
89 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#303,491 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
. The theme of this book is that modern humans were an invasive species when they entered Europe, profoundly disrupting the ecosystem and forcing the extinction (cave bears and lions) or radical behavioral changes (brown bears) of other top tier carnivores. Neanderthals presented as a specialized human form with a static culture based on close encounters with big game. Their populations were stable with some fluctuation and climate deterioration may have affected them at times. But I think MIS 3 climate instability is over-blown here and Neanderthals had been around for more than one 100k cycle. Modern humans may have actually been more cold-hardy by virtue of better clothing and more adaptable life style. Better dates for some sites suggesting that there was relatively little overlap and that Neanderthals may have disappeared after 40 kya rather than existing beyond 30 kya. An illustration of the effect of an invading carnivore is given by the return of wolves to Yellowstone and their effect on limiting browse damage by a burgeoning elk population, along with a sharp decrease in coyotes and regrowth of aspen and willows. The invasive nature of humans demonstrated by their rapid population expansion to densities never achieved by their predecessors, and by the advent of “super sites†with remains of hundreds of mammoth individuals. This is taken as evidence of a great revolution in hunting methods, along with the ability to defend kill sites as they consume entire mammoths. Dogs are proposed as the major difference in both defending kills and in driving game to kill sites. Some genetic work and a few early Belgian dog fossils used to date domestication before 20 kya. No actual proof there were dogs earlier than that. Incidentally, dog genes show that humans entering America from Siberia brought old world dogs with them. A digression about how human and wolf eyes are designed to show the direction of their gaze, making training and interacting especially effective. A nice little story here, but even the author admits that a lot of this cannot be substantiated without additional information.
I am the legendary "general reader" who academic authors used to write for in the good old days. Pat Shipman has written this book for me! So thank you. I have been reading several books about prehistoric man, and yet I came across new (to me) ideas on almost every page. Possibly a professional in the field wouldn't be as impressed, but I am. I should add that I'm 70 and have been reading about this subject for 50+ years.I have had the pleasure of visiting 5 caves in France with prehistoric drawings. At each one I was very impressed, though that is a very weak word to use. Basically the hair on the back of my neck stood up. These cave paintings make an impression! And yet I never thought to myself, "Where are the dogs???" But Shipman makes that point--all the other animals are there in almost infinite variety. But no dogs (or wolves, if you prefer). Nor are people portrayed (generally). So clearly (to me and Shipman at least), early man must have put "dog" into a category very similar to, if not the same as, "man." An obvious observation, but one I never thought of.This book brings together data from archaeology, animal behavior, climate change, DNA, scientific analysis isotopes to find out what animals (and people) ate, etc. etc. She does a great job of explaining the concepts, showing how they were arrived at, and even exploring the objections. If you are looking for an good overall view of the period when modern man entered Europe/Asia, this is it.I've read the other reviews, particularly by W Buckner, and the comments that follow it. To me the issue is the definition of the word "prove." As new techniques are discovered they show that what was once accepted as "proof" or a "fact" has now been replaced by a new "proof" or "fact." (For example, it was a "fact" that modern humans didn't have any Neanderthal DNA. But oops, then they discovered modern man DOES have Neanderthal DNA.) So knowledge progresses and develops. Makes sense to me. Shipman makes no bones about calling this book a theory or hypothesis. It fits the known facts, and as far as I can see, it doesn't leave out any contrary evidence. Does she "prove" her theory? Not in a mathematical sense, but certainly she shows it's plausible!One quibble, which I've had with other books about this period: An expert might be familiar with all the dates and terms ("MIS 3" etc.), but not general readers like me. It would have been invaluable to make a chronological chart showing climate change, the major volcanic eruptions, the domestication of dogs, goats, etc., the appearance of modern man in Europe, etc. etc. Then you could see at a glance what was going on and when.
I read a lot of this sort of book--kind of have a left-over-from-University interest, you might say.This one's central theme: humans are invasive species. Teamed up with another pack animal. Not a bad take on how people have spread across the world, but I didn't think the case was quite proven.I also didn't think the invasive-top-predator argument was fully supported. It's fine to quote stats from reintroductions of wolves and so forth, quite another to provide evidence from the few bones and tools (and they are few, really) available to examine.And.. I always wonder why these researchers seem to miss or ignore the ONE thing we do have some evidence for as humans from one area enter another populated area: epidemic disease. 'Worked' for the conquistadors, didn't it? 'Worked' very well in N. America. If you more than decimate a population, the remnants may dwindle more quickly than otherwise expected.So I think I'd have liked to see a broader more comprehensive view--rather than a defense of a single, sliiiightly improbably but interesting theory.The bit about dogs, though....very well put.
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